📌 Exercice 1:
Soit \(P(x) = 3x^3 - 7x^2 + 4\).
1) \(P(1) = 3 - 7 + 4 = 0\) ⇒ \(x-1\) divise \(P(x)\).
2) Division euclidienne par \(x-1\) :
| \(3x^3 - 7x^2 + 0x + 4\) | \(x - 1\) |
| \(-(3x^3 - 3x^2)\) | \(3x^2 - 4x - 4\) |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} -4x^2 + 0x + 4\) | |
| \(-(-4x^2 + 4x)\) | |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} -4x + 4\) | |
| \(-(-4x + 4)\) | |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} 0\) |
\(P(x) = (x-1)(3x^2 - 4x - 4)\)
3) \((ax+b)(x-b) = ax^2 + (b - ab)x - b^2\). Par identification avec \(3x^2 - 4x - 4\) :
\(a=3\), \(b - ab = -4 \Rightarrow b - 3b = -2b = -4 \Rightarrow b=2\), \(-b^2 = -4 \Rightarrow b=\pm2\) ⇒ \(b=2\).
4) \(3x^2 - 4x - 4 = 0\) ⇒ \(\Delta = 16 + 48 = 64\) ⇒ \(x = \frac{4 \pm 8}{6}\) ⇒ \(x = 2\) ou \(x = -\frac{2}{3}\).
5) \(P(x)=0\) ⇒ \(x=1\) ou \(x=2\) ou \(x=-\frac{2}{3}\).
📌 Exercice 2:
\(P(x) = 2x^4 - 9x^3 + 14x^2 - 9x + 2\)
1) \(P(0) = 2 \neq 0\) donc 0 n'est pas racine.
2) Polynôme réciproque. \(P(1/\alpha) = \frac{2}{\alpha^4} - \frac{9}{\alpha^3} + \frac{14}{\alpha^2} - \frac{9}{\alpha} + 2 = \frac{2 - 9\alpha + 14\alpha^2 - 9\alpha^3 + 2\alpha^4}{\alpha^4} = \frac{P(\alpha)}{\alpha^4} = 0\).
3) a. \(P(2) = 32 - 72 + 56 - 18 + 2 = 0\) ⇒ 2 est racine.
b. Division par \(x-2\) :
| \(2x^4 - 9x^3 + 14x^2 - 9x + 2\) | \(x - 2\) |
| \(-(2x^4 - 4x^3)\) | \(2x^3 - 5x^2 + 4x - 1\) |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} -5x^3 + 14x^2 - 9x + 2\) | |
| \(-(-5x^3 + 10x^2)\) | |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} 4x^2 - 9x + 2\) | |
| \(-(4x^2 - 8x)\) | |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} -x + 2\) | |
| \(-(-x + 2)\) | |
| \(\overline{\phantom{xxx}} 0\) |
\(P(x) = (x-2)(2x^3 - 5x^2 + 4x - 1)\)
📌 Exercice 3:
\(P(x) = x^3 + ax^2 - 2x + b\)
1) \(P(1)=0 \Rightarrow 1 + a - 2 + b = 0 \Rightarrow a + b = 1\)
Reste par \(x+2\) : \(P(-2) = -8 + 4a + 4 + b = -8 \Rightarrow 4a + b = -4\)
Soustraction : \(3a = -5 \Rightarrow a = -\frac{5}{3}\), \(b = 1 - a = \frac{8}{3}\).
2) a. Division de \(P(x) = x^3 - \frac{5}{3}x^2 - 2x + \frac{8}{3}\) par \(x-1\) : \(Q(x) = x^2 - \frac{2}{3}x - \frac{8}{3}\).
b. \(Q(2) = 4 - \frac{4}{3} - \frac{8}{3} = 4 - 4 = 0\). Donc \(Q(x) = (x-2)(x + \frac{4}{3})\).
\(P(x) = (x-1)(x-2)(x + \frac{4}{3}) = \frac{1}{3}(x-1)(x-2)(3x+4)\).
c. \(R(x) = \frac{1}{3}(|x|-1)(|x|-2)(3|x|+4)\)
\(S(x) = \frac{1}{3}(\sqrt{x}-1)(\sqrt{x}-2)(3\sqrt{x}+4)\) pour \(x \geq 0\).
📌 Exercice 4:
Soit \(P(x) = ax^3 + bx^2 + cx + d\) avec \(a \neq 0\).
1) \(P(x+1) = a(x+1)^3 + b(x+1)^2 + c(x+1) + d = ax^3 + (3a+b)x^2 + (3a+2b+c)x + (a+b+c+d)\)
2) \(P(x+1)-P(x) = 3ax^2 + (3a+2b)x + (a+b+c)\)
3) On veut \(P(x+1)-P(x) = x^2\) ⇒ \(3a=1 \Rightarrow a=\frac{1}{3}\), \(3a+2b=0 \Rightarrow 1+2b=0 \Rightarrow b=-\frac{1}{2}\), \(a+b+c=0 \Rightarrow \frac{1}{3}-\frac{1}{2}+c=0 \Rightarrow -\frac{1}{6}+c=0 \Rightarrow c=\frac{1}{6}\), \(P(0)=d=0\).
4) \(P(n+1)-P(n) = n^2\). En sommant de 1 à n : \(P(n+1)-P(1) = 1^2+2^2+\cdots+n^2\).
\(P(n+1) = \frac{1}{3}(n+1)^3 - \frac{1}{2}(n+1)^2 + \frac{1}{6}(n+1) = \frac{(n+1)n(2n+1)}{6}\)
Donc \(\sum_{k=1}^n k^2 = \frac{n(n+1)(2n+1)}{6}\).