1) Équations avec valeur absolue
📌 Exercice 01 : (3.5 pts)
1) \(x + 3 = -x\sqrt{2} - 3\sqrt{2} \iff x + x\sqrt{2} = -3 - 3\sqrt{2}\).
\(x(1+\sqrt{2}) = -3(1+\sqrt{2}) \Rightarrow x = -3\).
2) \(6x + 15 = 6x - 1 \iff 15 = -1\). Impossible. \(S = \emptyset\).
3) \(4x - 8 = 6x - 2x - 8 \iff 4x - 8 = 4x - 8\). Tous les réels sont solutions. \(S = \mathbb{R}\).
4) \(\frac{(x-7)(x+3)}{x^2-9} = 0\), avec \(x \ne \pm 3\).
\((x-7)(x+3) = 0 \Rightarrow x = 7\) ou \(x = -3\) (exclu car \(x \ne -3\)).
\(S = \{7\}\).
5) \(|3x+2| = |x-4| \iff 3x+2 = x-4\) ou \(3x+2 = -(x-4)\).
\(3x+2 = x-4 \Rightarrow 2x = -6 \Rightarrow x = -3\).
\(3x+2 = -x+4 \Rightarrow 4x = 2 \Rightarrow x = \frac{1}{2}\).
\(S = \{-3; \frac{1}{2}\}\).
6) \(3|x+5| = -\frac{1}{2}\). Le membre de gauche est positif ou nul, le membre de droite est négatif. \(S = \emptyset\).
📌 Exercice 02 : (3 pts)
1) a) \(4x^2 - 7x - 2 = 0\). \(\Delta = 49 + 32 = 81\).
\(x_1 = \frac{7-9}{8} = -\frac{1}{4}\), \(x_2 = \frac{7+9}{8} = 2\).
b) \(4x^2 - 7x - 2 = 4(x+\frac{1}{4})(x-2) = (4x+1)(x-2)\).
2) a) Posons \(t = \sqrt{x} \ge 0\). L'équation devient \(4t^2 - 7t - 2 = 0\).
\(t = 2\) ou \(t = -\frac{1}{4}\) (rejeté). Donc \(\sqrt{x} = 2 \Rightarrow x = 4\).
b) Posons \(t = x^2 \ge 0\). L'équation devient \(4t^2 - 7t - 2 = 0\).
\(t = 2\) ou \(t = -\frac{1}{4}\) (rejeté). Donc \(x^2 = 2 \Rightarrow x = \pm \sqrt{2}\).
c) \(4x^4 - 7x^3 - 2x^2 = 0 \iff x^2(4x^2 - 7x - 2) = 0\).
\(x^2 = 0 \Rightarrow x = 0\) ou \(4x^2 - 7x - 2 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -\frac{1}{4}\) ou \(x = 2\).
\(S = \{0; -\frac{1}{4}; 2\}\).
📌 Exercice 03 : (2.5 pts)
1) \(\frac{2x+1}{x+2} \ge 3 \iff \frac{2x+1}{x+2} - 3 \ge 0 \iff \frac{2x+1 - 3x - 6}{x+2} \ge 0 \iff \frac{-x-5}{x+2} \ge 0\).
Tableau de signes :
| \(x\) | \(-\infty\) | \(-5\) | \(-2\) | \(+\infty\) | |||
| \(-x-5\) | \(+\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | \(-\) | |||
| \(x+2\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | |||
| \(\frac{-x-5}{x+2}\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(||\) | \(-\) |
\(S = [-5; -2[\).
2) \(4x^2 - 7x - 2 > 0 \iff (4x+1)(x-2) > 0\).
Tableau de signes :
| \(x\) | \(-\infty\) | \(-\frac{1}{4}\) | \(2\) | \(+\infty\) | |||
| \(4x+1\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | \(+\) | |||
| \(x-2\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | |||
| \((4x+1)(x-2)\) | \(+\) | \(0\) | \(0\) | \(+\) |
\(S = ]-\infty; -\frac{1}{4}[ \cup ]2; +\infty[\).
📌 Exercice 04 : (3.5 pts)
Soit le trinôme \(T(x) = -2x^2 + \sqrt{2}x + 2\).
1) \(a = -2\), \(b = \sqrt{2}\), \(c = 2\).
\(\Delta = b^2 - 4ac = 2 - 4(-2)(2) = 2 + 16 = 18 > 0\).
Donc le trinôme admet deux racines distinctes.
2) \(\alpha + \beta = -\frac{b}{a} = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{-2} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\).
\(\alpha \times \beta = \frac{c}{a} = \frac{2}{-2} = -1\).
\(\frac{1}{\alpha} + \frac{1}{\beta} = \frac{\alpha + \beta}{\alpha\beta} = \frac{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}}{-1} = -\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\).
\(\alpha^2 + \beta^2 = (\alpha+\beta)^2 - 2\alpha\beta = \frac{1}{2} - 2(-1) = \frac{1}{2} + 2 = \frac{5}{2}\).
\(\frac{\beta}{\alpha} + \frac{\alpha}{\beta} = \frac{\alpha^2 + \beta^2}{\alpha\beta} = \frac{\frac{5}{2}}{-1} = -\frac{5}{2}\).
\(\alpha^3 + \beta^3 = (\alpha+\beta)^3 - 3\alpha\beta(\alpha+\beta) = \left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right)^3 - 3(-1)\left(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\right) = \frac{2\sqrt{2}}{8} + \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{4} + \frac{6\sqrt{2}}{4} = \frac{7\sqrt{2}}{4}\).
📌 Exercice 05 : (2 pts)
Posons \(X = \sqrt{x} \ge 0\) et \(Y = \sqrt{y} \ge 0\).
Le système devient : \( \begin{cases} 2X + Y = 6 \\ -3X + 5Y = 17 \end{cases} \).
De la première équation : \(Y = 6 - 2X\).
En remplaçant : \(-3X + 5(6-2X) = 17 \Rightarrow -3X + 30 - 10X = 17 \Rightarrow -13X = -13 \Rightarrow X = 1\).
\(Y = 6 - 2(1) = 4\).
Donc \(\sqrt{x} = 1 \Rightarrow x = 1\) et \(\sqrt{y} = 4 \Rightarrow y = 16\).
\(S = \{(1; 16)\}\).
📌 Exercice 06 : (3.5 pts)
On considère l'équation \((E) : 6x^3 + 25x^2 + 21x - 10 = 0\).
1) \(P(-2) = 6(-8) + 25(4) + 21(-2) - 10 = -48 + 100 - 42 - 10 = 0\).
Donc -2 est solution.
2) Par division polynomiale ou identification :
\((x+2)(ax^2 + bx + c) = ax^3 + (2a+b)x^2 + (2b+c)x + 2c\).
Identification : \(a = 6\), \(2a+b = 25 \Rightarrow b = 13\), \(2b+c = 21 \Rightarrow c = -5\), \(2c = -10 \Rightarrow c = -5\).
Donc \(P(x) = (x+2)(6x^2 + 13x - 5)\).
3) \(P(x) = 0 \iff (x+2)(6x^2 + 13x - 5) = 0\).
\(x+2 = 0 \Rightarrow x = -2\).
\(6x^2 + 13x - 5 = 0\). \(\Delta = 169 + 120 = 289 = 17^2\).
\(x = \frac{-13 \pm 17}{12} \Rightarrow x = \frac{1}{3}\) ou \(x = -\frac{5}{2}\).
\(S = \{-2; -\frac{5}{2}; \frac{1}{3}\}\).
4) \(P(x) > 0 \iff (x+2)(6x^2 + 13x - 5) > 0\).
Le trinôme \(6x^2 + 13x - 5\) a pour racines \(-\frac{5}{2}\) et \(\frac{1}{3}\), et \(a = 6 > 0\), donc il est positif à l'extérieur des racines.
Tableau de signes :
| \(x\) | \(-\infty\) | \(-\frac{5}{2}\) | \(-2\) | \(\frac{1}{3}\) | \(+\infty\) | ||||
| \(x+2\) | \(-\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | \(+\) | ||||
| \(6x^2+13x-5\) | \(+\) | \(0\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(+\) | ||||
| \(P(x)\) | \(-\) | \(0\) | \(0\) | \(0\) | \(+\) |
\(S = ]-\frac{5}{2}; -2[ \cup ]\frac{1}{3}; +\infty[\).
1) Relations fondamentales
📌 Exercice 07 : (2 pts)
On a : \(\tan x = \frac{1}{3}\) et \(\frac{\pi}{2} < x < \pi\).
1) \(1 + \tan^2 x = \frac{1}{\cos^2 x} \Rightarrow 1 + \frac{1}{9} = \frac{1}{\cos^2 x} \Rightarrow \frac{10}{9} = \frac{1}{\cos^2 x} \Rightarrow \cos^2 x = \frac{9}{10}\).
\(\frac{\pi}{2} < x < \pi\), donc \(\cos x < 0\).
Donc \(\cos x = -\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}} = -\frac{3\sqrt{10}}{10}\).
2) \(\sin x = \tan x \times \cos x = \frac{1}{3} \times \left(-\frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}\right) = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}\).
\(\frac{\pi}{2} < x < \pi\), donc \(\sin x > 0\).
Donc \(\sin x = \frac{1}{\sqrt{10}} = \frac{\sqrt{10}}{10}\).
Donc \(\sin x = \frac{\sqrt{10}}{10}\).