Section outline

  • عام

    طي الكل توسيع الكل

  • There is there? There are are there?

    • There is there?}
      There are are there?}


          * There is a boy in this picture.
          * There is a cat in this picture.
          * There is an aeroplane in this picture.
          * Is there an aeroplane in this picture? Yes, there is.
          * Is there a train in this picture? No, there isn’t.
          * There are footballs in this picture.
          * There are flowers in this picture.
          * Are there flowers in this picture? Yes, there are.
          * Are there cups and saucers in this picture? No, there are not.
          * There are two waiters in this picture.
          * Are there two waiters in this picture? Yes, there are.
          * Are there three waiters in this picture? No, there are not three waiters; there are two.

    • Singular number : (one) Plural number 
      (two, three, four, etc.)
      a boy boys
      a window windows
      a tree trees
      the boy the boys
      the window the windows
      the tree the trees
      a man men
      a woman women
      a child children
      the man the men
      the woman the women
      the child the children



      Singular + s = Plural 
      Exceptions

      Singular Plural
      man, woman, child men, women, children

      Affirmative :

      Singular Plural
      It is They are
         This is These are
        That is Those are
      There is There are

       Interrogative :

      Singular Plural
      Is it? Are they?
      Is this? Are these?
      Is that? Are those?
      Is there? Are there?

      Negative :

      Singular Plural
      It is not (it isn’t) They are not (they aren’t)
      This is not (this isn’t These are not (these aren’t)
      That is not (that isn’t) Those are not (those aren’t)
      There is not (there isn’t) There are not (there aren’t)

       

      Examples:

      Singular :
          * This is a cigarette.
          * This is a man.
          * That is a mountain.
          * The man is a waiter.
          * That is not a king.
          * That is not a queen.
          * Is this an aeroplane?
          * Is this an egg?
          * Is it a good egg?
          * Is this a good cigarette?
          * Is that egg good?
          * The window is open.
          * That egg is bad.
          * This cigarette is good.
          * That is an egg; it is in the egg-cup.
          * This window is open.
          * This door is closed.
          * The picture is on the wall.
          * That boy is near the door.
          * This boy isn’t near the window.
          * This isn’t a mountain.
          * It isn’t an aeroplane.

      Plural
          * These are cigarettes.
          * These are men.
          * Those are mountains.
          * The men are waiters.
          * Those are not kings.
          * Those are not queens.
          * Are these aeroplanes?
          * Are these eggs?
          * Are they good eggs?
          * Are these good cigarettes.
          * Are those eggs good?
          * The windows are open.
          * Those eggs are bad.
          * These cigarettes are good.
          * Those are eggs; they are in the egg-cups.
          * These windows are open.
          * These doors are closed.
          * The pictures are on the wall (or walls).
          * Those boys are near the door (or doors).
          * These boys aren’t near the window (or windows).
          * These aren’t mountains.
          * They aren’t aeroplanes.

    • Affirmative 

          - This is a pencil.
          - This is a ship.
          - That is an umbrella.
          - Those are mountains.
          - It is a boy.
          - They are waiters.
          - It is a good egg.
          - They are good cigarettes.
          - This cigarette is good.
          - This egg is bad.
          - This window is open.
          - The doors are closed.
          - There is a clock on the wall.
          - There is an inkpot on the


      Negative

          - This is not (isn't) a pencil.
          - This is not (isn't) a ship.
          - That is not (isn't) an umbrella.
          - Those are not (aren't) mountains.
          - It is not (isn't) a boy.
          - They are not (aren't) waiters.
          - It is not (isn't) a good egg.
          - They are not (aren't) good cigarettes.
          - This cigarette is not (isn't) good.
          - This egg is not (isn't) bad.
          - This window is not (isn't) open.
          - The doors are not (aren't) closed.
          - There isn't a clock on the wall.
          - There isn't an inkpot on the table.

    • EXERCISES 

      I. Give the plural of these words: 


         - star
         - a mountain
         - a tree
         - a shilling
         - a king
         - the waiter
         - the queen
         - a man
         - the man
         - a woman
         - the woman
         - an eye
         - an inkpot
         - a waiter
         - an aeroplane

      II. Make these plural: 


         - this waiter
         - this tea-cup
         - this king
         - this egg
         - that wall
         - that picture
         - that mountain
         - that window
         - this man
         - that woman

       III. Make these plural: 

      Example:  Singular—This is a king. Plural—These are kings.


         - This is a star.
         - This is a boy.
         - This is a shilling.
         - That is a saucer.
         - That is a flower.
         - That is a mountain.
         - Is this a mountain?
         - Is this a shilling?
         - Is this a man?
         - Is that a football?
         - Is that a train?
         - Is that an aeroplane?
         - Is the window open?
         - Is the door closed?
         - Is the boy near the window?
         - That is not a king.

      IV. Make these negative: 


          - That is a king.
          - This is a motor-car.
          - This is a cat.
          - That is a mountain.
          - That is a football.
          - That is a flower.
          - Those are kings.
          - Those are motor-cars.
          - Those are cats.
          - These are mountains.
          - Those are footballs.
          - Those are flowers.
          - It is a cat.
          - It is a dog.
          - It is an umbrella.
          - They are cats.
          - They are dogs.
          - They are umbrellas.
          - That is a bad egg.
          - This is a good cigarette.
          - This is a good egg.
          - This egg is bad.
          - This cigarette is good.
          - This egg is good.

      V. Make these interrogative: 


          - That is a dog.
          - This is a train.
          - That is a door.
          - Those are aeroplanes.
          - This is a pencil.
          - That is a window.
          - That is a clock.
          - It is a cat.
          - They are waiters.
          - That is an umbrella.
          - That egg is bad.
          - The aeroplane is in the sky.
          - That is a bad egg.
          - The window is open.
          - The man is in the motor-car.
          - This is an egg-cup.
          - The cat is under the umbrella.
          - The train is in the station.
          - The cigarette is on the table.
          - The mouse is under the table.
          - The plate is on the table.
          - The apple is on the plate.
          - The dog is in the aeroplane.
          - The pencil is on the table.
          - The shilling is under the plate.

  • WHO-HE-SHE-THEY

    • WHO


          * The boy is in the bed.
          * Who is in the bed? The boy is in the bed, or The boy is, or The boy.

      HE


          * Is the boy in the bed? Yes, he is.
          * Where is the boy? He is in the bed.

      SHE


          * The girl is in the classroom.
          * Who is in the classroom? The girl is in the classroom, or The girl is, or The girl.
          * Is the girl in the classroom? Yes, she is.
          * Where is the girl? She is in the classroom.

      THEY


          * The woman and the baby are on the chair.
          * Who are on the chair? The woman and the baby are on the chair, or The woman and the baby are, or The woman and the baby.
          * Is the woman on the chair? Yes, she is.
          * Is the girl on the chair? No, she isn’t.
          * Are the woman and the baby on the chair? Yes, they are.

      WHAT

      \begin{itemize}
          \item The train is in the station.
          \item What is in the station? The train is in the station, or The train is, or The train.
      \end{itemize}

      AT}

      \begin{itemize}
          \item Is the train in the station? Yes, it is.
          \item Is the ship in the station? No, it isn’t.
          \item Where is the train? It is in the station.
      \end{itemize}

      \subsection*{WHAT}

      \begin{itemize}
          \item What is in the egg-cup? An egg is in the egg-cup, or An egg is, or An egg.
          \item Is the egg in the egg-cup? Yes, it is.
          \item Where is the egg? It is in the egg-cup.
      \end{itemize}

      \subsection*{WHAT}

      \begin{itemize}
          \item What are in the sky? The aeroplanes are in the sky, or The aeroplanes are, or The aeroplanes.
          \item Are the aeroplanes in the sky? Yes, they are.
          \item Where are the aeroplanes? They are in the sky.

    •    * boy, woman, this, what, a, are, they, etc., are words.

      - People and Things


         * These are People: boy, woman, teacher, king, queen, baby, etc.
         * These are Things: table, chair, clock, motor-car, mountain, etc.

      - Who and What


         * The word who  is for people.
         * The word what  is for things. But note: Who is he? He is Mr. X. What is he? He is a teacher.

      - Gender 


         * The words for males (boy, man, husband, son, king, etc.) are Masculine Gender .
         * The words for females (girl, woman, wife, daughter, queen, etc.) are Feminine Gender.
         * The words for things (table, chair, mountain, clock, etc.) are Neuter Gender.

      - Pronouns


         - * he is for masculine gender (singular). 
         
             * e.g. he is a boy; he is a son; he is a king.
         
         - * she is for feminine gender (singular).
         
             * e.g. she is a girl; she is a daughter; she is a queen.
         
         - * it is for neuter gender (singular).
         
             * e.g. it is a train; it is a picture; it is an egg.
         
         - * they is for masculine, feminine and neuter genders (plural).
         
             * e.g. They are boys. They are daughters. They are eggs.

  • EXERCISES

    • I. Put in who  or  what :

          * ( .................. )is in the motor-car?
          * ( .................. )is on the chair?
          * ( .................. )is in the egg-cup?
          * ( .................. )is on the table?
          * ( .................. )is in the bed?
          * ( .................. )is on the wall?
          * ( .................. )is in the sky?
          * ( .................. )is in the classroom?

      II. Make these plural: 

          * He is a waiter.
          * She is a woman.
          * He is a boy.
          * It is an aeroplane.
          * She is a queen.

      III. Put in  he , she , it , or they :

          * ( .................. )is a father.
          * ( .................. )is a husband.
          * ( .................. )is a king.
          * ( .................. )is a woman.
          * ( .................. )is a picture.
          * ( .................. )are in the classroom.
          * ( .................. )are on the table.
          * ( .................. )is on the table.
          * ( .................. )is a waiter.
          * ( .................. )are flowers.
          * ( .................. )are kings.
          * ( .................. )are queens.
          * ( .................. )is a queen.
          * ( .................. )is a son.
          * ( .................. )are sons.
          * ( .................. )is a daughter.
          * ( .................. )are daughters.
          * ( .................. )are pictures.
          * ( .................. )are things.
          * ( .................. )are people.
          * ( .................. )is a thing.
          * ( .................. )are shillings.
          * ( .................. )is a shilling.
          * ( .................. )is a football.
          * ( .................. )is a hammer.
          * ( .................. )are nails.

      IV. Make these masculine:
          * She.
          * The girl.
          * The woman.
          * The mother.
          * The girl is on the mountain.
          * The woman is in the motor-car.
          * The girl is in the picture.
          * This is a queen.
          * These are women.
          * These are queens.

      V. Answer the questions
          * Who is in the motor-car?
          * Who is in the bed?
          * Who is in the classroom?
          * What is in the egg-cup?
          * What is in the sky?
          * What is on the wall?
          * What is on the table?
          * Who are on the chair?
          * What is in the station?
          * Who is near the window?

      VI. Answer these questions affirmatively (i.e. with yes). Use {he}, {she}, {it} or {they} in the answers: 


          * Is this a pencil?
          * Is this a train?
          * Is that a window?
          * Is the teacher in the classroom?
          * Are the boys in the classroom?
          * Is the woman a mother?
          * Is the girl a daughter?
          * Is the boy a son?
          * Is the egg in the egg-cup?
          * Are the women in the train?
          * Is a table a thing?
          * Are men and women people?

      VII. Answer these questions negatively (i.e. with no). Use {he}, {she}, {it}, or {they} in the answers: 


          * Is this a tree?
          * Are these trees?
          * Are the girls in the classroom?
          * Is the boy in the aeroplane?
          * Is the train in the station?
          * Are the men in the motor-car?
          * Are the flowers on the table?
          * Is the window open?
          * Is the boy near the door?
          * Are the boys near the door?
          * Is a boy a thing?
          * Are tables people?

      VIII. Finish these sentences: 


          - The boys .................. .
          - Are the flowers .................. ?
          - Is the boy .................. ?
          - Is the sun .................. ?
          - The stars .................. .
          - The teacher .................. .
          - Is the aeroplane .................. ?
          - The egg .................. .
          - Where is .................. ?
          - Who is .................. ?
          - What is .................. ?
          - Where are .................. ?
          - Who are .................. ?
          - What are .................. ?
          - .................. on the table.
          - .................. in the aeroplane?
          - .................. near the door.
          - .................. near the door?
          - .................. open.
          - .................. open?
          - .................. bad.
          - .................. bad?
          - .................. earth.
          - .................. earth?
          - .................. is a thing.
          - .................. are things.
          - .................. are people.
          - .................. are neuter gender.
          - .................. are masculine gender.
          - .................. are feminine gender.

      IX. Answer these questions: 


          - Who is (are) the wife of Mr. Brown?
          - Who is (are) the son of Mr. Brown?
          - Who is (are) the daughter of Mr. Brown?
          - Who is (are) the brother of Mary Brown?
          - Who is (are) the sister of Richard Brown?
          - Who is (are) the husband of Mrs. Brown?
          - Who is (are) the father of Richard Brown?
          - Who is (are) the mother of Mary Brown?
          - Who is (are) the father of Mary Brown?
          - Who is (are) the mother of Richard Brown?
          - Who is (are) the children of Mr. and Mrs. Brown?

  • New section

    • The verb to be (Present Tense) 

      AFFIRMATIVE \hspace{2cm} INTERROGATIVE \hspace{2cm} NEGATIVE}

      AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE
      I am (I’m) am I? I am (I’m) not
      you are (you’re) are you? you are (you’re) not
      he is (he’s) is he? he is (he’s) not
      she is (she’s) is she? she is (she’s) not
      it is (it’s) is it? it is (it’s) not

       Plural :

        Plural :  Plural :  Plural :
      we are (we’re) are we? we are (we’re) not
      you are (you’re) are you? you are (you’re) not
      they are (they’re) are they? they are (they’re) not

      I. Put in the missing words:


          * I .................. a student.
          * You .................. a teacher.
          * Mr. A. .................. a man.
          * Marie .................. a girl.
          * The man .................. in the train.
          * We .................. students.
          * I .................. Mr. C.
          * What .................. you?
          * Who .................. he?
          * How .................. you?
          * What .................. Henri?
          * What .................. I?
          * Who .................. you?
          * Who .................. I?
          * .................. I a student?
          * .................. he a student?
          * .................. she a woman?
          * .................. they waiters?
          * .................. you all boys?
          * .................. I the teacher?
          * .................. you Mr. C.?
          * .................. you Mrs. H.?
          * .................. he Mr. K.?
          * There .................. one mountain in the picture.
          * .................. there two mountains in the picture?
          * There .................. three pencils on the table.
          * There .................. an egg in the egg-cup.
          * There .................. fifteen students in the class.
          * .................. there one mountain in the picture?
          * Yes, that ..................  right; there is only one.

      correction:
          * I {am} a student.
          * You {are} a teacher.
          * Mr. A. {is} a man.
          * Marie {is} a girl.
          * The man {is} in the train.
          * We {are} students.
          * I {am} Mr. C.
          * What {are} you?
          * Who {is} he?
          * How {are} you?
          * What {is} Henri?
          * What {am} I?
          * Who {are} you?
          * Who {am} I?
          * {Am} I a student?
          * {Is} he a student?
          * {Is} she a woman?
          * {Are} they waiters?
          * {Are} you all boys?
          * {Am} I the teacher?
          * {Are} you Mr. C.?
          * {Are} you Mrs. H.?
          * {Is} he Mr. K.?
          * There {is} one mountain in the picture.
          * {Are} there two mountains in the picture?
          * There {are} three pencils on the table.
          * There {is} an egg in the egg-cup.
          * There {are} fifteen students in the class.
          * {Is} there one mountain in the picture?
          * Yes, that {is} right; there is only one.

  • New section

    • III. Write in words these numbers:


          - 13
          - 14
          - 15
          - 16
          - 17
          - 18
          - 19
          - 20

      IV. Make these interrogative: 


          - I am the teacher.
          - You are in the classroom.
          - We are all students.
          - Some of the students are boys.
          - Two and two are four.
          - That answer is right.
          - They are here.
          - He is near the window.
          - There are only two books in the picture.
          - There are a great many people in London.
          - There is a book on the table.
          - There is a train in the station.

      V. Make these singular:}


          - The books are on the table.
          - The stars are in the sky.
          - Are the men in the classroom?
          - Are there trains in the station?
          - There are some books on the table.
          - Those are mountains.
          - Those are stars.
          - These are flowers.
          - These are queens.
          - They are kings.

       VI. Give the opposites of: 


          - good
          - big
          - cold
          - there
          - wrong
          - near
          - left
          - country
          - come
          - open
          - white

  • New section

    • Countries and Their People 

      England is a country; France is a country; Norway is another country; Turkey is another country; Egypt, Italy, Poland are other countries.\footnote{Original footnote text.}

      The people of England are English. They speak English.

      The people of Germany are German. They speak German.

      The people of Norway are Norwegian. They speak Norwegian.

      - Two Meanings of {Country} in English 

      There are two meanings of \textit{country} in English. Here are examples in sentences:

       
          * England is a country; Spain is another {country}.
          *  The house is in the  {country}; it is not in the town.

       TOWN vs. COUNTRY 


          * There are a lot of people in the town; there are not many in the country.
          * There are a lot of cows and sheep in the country; there are not many in the town.

    • Possessive Pronouns

      The pronouns I, he, she, it, you; we, they, have another form: my, his, her, its, your, our, their.  
          * I speak French; my language is French.
          * You speak English; your language is English.
          * He speaks Spanish; his language is Spanish.
          * She speaks Norwegian; her language is Norwegian.
          * Where is the dog? It is in its bed under the table.
          * We speak Greek; our language is Greek.
          * They speak Turkish; their language is Turkish.